What distinguishes formative assessment from summative assessment?

Formative assessment is characterized by its ongoing nature, which serves to monitor and enhance student learning throughout the educational process. It is designed to provide continuous feedback to both instructors and learners, enabling adjustments in teaching and learning strategies as needed. This type of assessment can take various forms, including quizzes, class discussions, and informal observations, allowing educators to gauge students' understanding and skill development in real-time.

This contrasts significantly with summative assessment, which evaluates student learning at the conclusion of an instructional period, such as a unit or course. Summative assessments typically measure the extent of knowledge and skills acquired, often contributing to final grades. Therefore, the defining aspect of formative assessment lies in its focus on the progression and acquisition of knowledge, rather than just the final outcomes.